Safety Analysis for Laser-Based Optical Wireless Communications: A Tutorial
نویسندگان
چکیده
Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser) sources has many advantages for use in high-data-rate optical wireless communications (OWCs). In particular, the low-cost and high-bandwidth properties laser sources, such as vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), make them attractive future indoor OWCs. order to be integrated into networks, should conform eye safety regulations determined International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards safety. this article, we provide a detailed study beam propagation evaluate received power various based on which maximum permissible exposure (MPE) defined IEC 60825-1:2014 Standard, establish comprehensive framework analyses. This allows us calculate allowable transmit power, is crucial design reliable safe laser-based communication system. Initially, consider single-mode Gaussian power. Subsequently, generalize approach higher mode beams. It shown that $M$ -squared-based analysis multimode ensures limits; however, some scenarios, it can too conservative compared precise decomposition method. Laser analyses with consideration elements, lens diffuser, well VCSEL array, have been also presented. Skin safety, another significant factor investigated article. We studied impacts parameters, wavelength, duration, divergence angle presenting insightful results.
منابع مشابه
Optical Wireless Communications
People’s ideas about communications have changed completely, nowadays when this subject is mentioned almost everyone thinks of wireless communications. The demand for broadband wireless communications offering greater and greater data rates is endless, and the radio-technology community is trying harder and harder to satisfy this demand. Recently, there was the worldwide launch of 4th generatio...
متن کاملOptical Wireless Communications
The use of mobile devices, e.g., laptops, cell phones and PDAs, has become ubiquitous. Users expect to access very high-speed networks from anywhere and be able to communicate with other users, and share common resources such as printers, at high data rates. As a consequence, wireless local area networks (WLANs) have become the subject of intense research. WLANs are subject to more noise and in...
متن کاملon Wireless Communications and Networking Optical Wireless Communications
This is a special issue published in volume 2005 of " EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking. " All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Seamless integration of the technology into products which a...
متن کاملSpace-Time Codes for Wireless Optical Communications
A space-time channel coding technique is presented for overcoming turbulence-induced fading in an atmospheric optical heterodyne communication system that uses multiple transmit and receive apertures. In particular, a design criterion for minimizing the pairwise probability of codeword error in a space-time code (STC) is developed from a central limit theorem approximation. This design criterio...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Proceedings of the IEEE
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['1558-2256', '0018-9219']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2022.3181968